PHILOSTOPHER – TOPHER PROPHET

We have to learn from those who know more than us, or know about things we don’t know about.
If we are let to sit and think, we are only left with the knowledge we have and the ability to imagine… but when we allow additional information to enter into our thought process, through learning, experiencing, exploring, reading, or debate/conversation… we are enabled to expand our realm of thought. Then, with our knowledge, it is a duty to relay what we know to people who need to hear it, as we deem necessary and appropriate. -Topher Portlock
http://www.solitaryroad.com/a1105.html

General

List of women philosophers

Lists of philosophers by core area

Lists of philosophers by field

Lists of philosophers by major philosophical tradition

Lists of philosophers by philosophical theory

Lists of philosophers by era

Timelines

Lists of philosophers by language, nationality, religion, or region

Peter Abelard
Theodor Adorno
Thomas Aquinas
Hannah Arendt
Aristotle
Augustine
Francis Bacon
Roland Barthes
Georges Bataille
Jean Baudrillard
Simone de Beauvoir
Walter Benjamin
George Berkeley
Judith Butler
Albert Camus
Noam Chomsky
Hélène Cixous
Gilles Deleuze
Jacques Derrida
Rene Descartes
John Dewey
Michel Foucault
Hans-Georg Gadamer
Jürgen Habermas
Donna Haraway
Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Martin Heidegger
Thomas Hobbes
David Hume
Edmund Husserl
Luce Irigaray
William James
Kant Immanuel
Julia Kristeva
Lao Tzu
Emmanuel Levinas
John Locke
Jean-François Lyotard
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
John Stewart Mill
G.E. Moore
Friedrich Nietzsche
Plato
W. V. Quine
Ayn Rand
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Paul Sartre
Arthur Schopenhauer
Benedict de Spinoza

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Arab

Australian

Peter Singer

Austrian

Belgian

British

Byzantine

Canadian

Chinese

Croatian

Marko Marulić

Danish

Dutch

Egyptian

Hypatia

Finnish

Edward Westermarck

French

German

Greek

Hungarian

Iranian

Irish

Japanese

Korean

South Korean

Lee Ufan

Mexican

José Vasconcelos

Persian

Polish

Portuguese

Roman

Russian

Slovenian

Slavoj Žižek

Swedish

Swiss

Syrian

Ukrainian

Theodosius Dobzhansky

Uruguayan

José Enrique Rodó

William J. Abraham (christian, Southern Methodist University). Works: Divine Revelation and the Limits of Historical Criticism (2000), Crossing the Threshold of Divine Revelation (2006)
Marilyn Adams (christian, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill). Works: “Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God” (1989), “Is the Existence of God a ‘Hard’ Fact?” (1967), Christ and Horrors: The Coherence of Christology (2006)
R.M. Adams (christian, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill). Works: “Must God Create the Best?” (1972), “A Modified Divine Command Theory of Ethical Wrongness” (1973), “Middle Knowledge and the Problem of Evil” (1977), “Moral Arguments for Theistic Belief”(1979)
Imran Aijaz (muslim, University of Auckland). Works: “Some Critical Reflections on the Hiddenness Argument” (2007), “Belief, Providence & Eschatology: Some Philosophic Problems in Islamic Theism” (2008)
Michael Almeida (christian, University of Texas at San Antonio). Works: The Metaphysics of Perfect Beings (2008), “A New Cosmological Argument Undone” (2002), “Sceptical Theism and Evidential Arguments from Evil” (2003), “The New Evidential Argument Defeated” (2005)
William Alston (christian, died 09/19/09). Works: Perceiving God (1986), “The Ontological Argument Revisited” (1960), “Some Suggestions for Divine Command Theorists” (1990), “The Inductive Argument from Evil and the Human Cognitive Condition” (1996)
Pamela Anderson (christian, Oxford University). Works: A Feminist Philosophy of Religion (1998), “Gender and The Infinite: On the Aspiration to Be All There Is” (2002), “An Epistemological-Ethical Approach to Philosophy of Religion” (2004)
Shane Andre (unknonwn, retired). Works: “The Problem of Evil and the Paradox of Friendly Atheism” (1985)
Louise Antony (atheist, University of Massachusettes, Amherst). Works: “Does God Love Us?” (2009), “Atheism as Perfect Piety” (2009)
Robin Attfield (christian, Cardiff University). Works: “The God of Religion and the God of Philosophy” (1975), God and the Secular (1993)
Robert Audi (christian, University of Notre Dame). Works: Religious Commitment and Secular Reason (2000), “The separation of church and state and the obligations of citizenship” (1989)

Erik Baldwin (christian, student). Works: “Religious Dogma Without Religious Fundamentalism” (forthcoming), “The Epistemological Limits of Experience-Based Exclusive Religious Belief” (2008), “Could the Extended Aquinas-Calvin Model Defeat Basic Christian Belief” (2006).
Julian Baggini (atheist, independent). Works: Atheism: A Very Short Introduction (2003)
David Basinger (christian, Roberts Wesleyan College). Works: “Miracles and Natural Explanations” (1987), “The Problem with the Problem of Evil” (1983), “Plantinga, Pluralism and Justified Religious Belief” (1991)
Jean Beaudoin (unknown, Norther Illinois University). Works: ”Evil, the Human Cognitive Condition, and Natural Theology” (1998), “Inscrutable Evil and Scepticism” (2000), “The Devil’s Lying Wonders” (2007)
Jason Beyer (atheist, Illinois Valley Community College). Works: Comparison of Judeo-Christian Theism and Philosophical Naturalism As Explanatory Worldviews (2007), “A Physicalist Rejoinder to a Problem with Omniscience” (2004)
John Bishop (unknown, University of Auckland). Works: Believing by Faith (2007), “Can there be alternative concepts of God?” (1998), “Faith as doxastic venture” (2002)
Lynne Rudder Baker (christian, University of Massachusetts). Works: “Why Christians Should Not be Libertarians: An Augustinian Challenge” (2003), “Persons and the Metaphysics of Resurrection” (2007), “Need a Christian be a mind-body dualist?” (1995)
David Basinger (christian, Robert Wesleyan College). Works: “The Openness of God” (1994), “Can a Christian Justifiably Deny God’s Exhaustive Knowledge of the Future?” (1995), “Miracle and Justified Theistic Belief” (1995), “The Problem with the Problem of Evil” (1994)
Michael Beaty (christian, Baylor University). Works: “Protestant Free Church Christians and Gaudium et Spes: An Historical and Philosophical Perspective” (1997), “Revisiting Thomson on The Right and The Good” (2005)
Michael Bergmann (christian, Purdue University). Works: “Divine Responsibility without Divine Freedom” (2009), “Molinist Frankfurt-Style Counterexamples and the Free Will Defense” (2002), “A Theistic Argument against Platonism (and in Support of Truthmakers and Divine Simplicity) “(2006)
Gregory Boyd (christian, independent). Works: “Neo-Molinism and the Infinite Intelligence of God” (2003), “Open Theism, Omniscience, and the Nature of the Future”(2006), Trinity and Process: A Critical Evaluation and Reconstruction of Hartshorne’s Di-Polar Theism Towards a Trinitarian Metaphysics (2003)
Raymond Bradley (atheist, Universeity of Auckland). Works: “A Moral Argument for Atheism” (1999), “The Free Will Defense Refuted and God’s Existence Disproved” (2007), “The Rivalry Between Religions” (2007)
Jeff Brower (christian, Purdue University). Works: “Understanding the Trinity” (2004), “Making Sense of Divine Simplicity” (2009)
Vincent Brümmer (christian, retired). Works: The model of love: A study in philosophical theology (1993), Speaking of God (1992)
Andrei Buckareff (christian pantheist, Marist College). Works: “Escaping hell: Divine motivation and the problem of hell” (2005), “Metaepistemology and divine revelation”(2009), “Escapism, religious luck, and divine reasons for action” (2009)
Elizabeth Burns (christian, University of London). Work: “Transforming Metaphysics? Revisioning Christianity in the Light of Analytical Philosophy” (2005), “Religion Without ‘Superstition’? A Realist View” (2005)
Peter Byrne (christian, King’s College London). Works: The Philosophical and Theological Foundations of Ethics (1992), The Moral Interpretation of Religion (1998), God and Realism(2003)

Stephen Cahn (unknown, CUNY). Works: Philosophical Explorations: Freedom, God, and Goodness (1989), “The irrelevance to religion of philosophical proofs for the existence of God” (1969)
John Caputo (christian, Syracuse University). Works: “The Weakness of God: A Theology of the Event” (2006), Philosophy and Theology (2006)
Richard Carrier (atheist, independent). Works: “Defending Naturalism as a Worldview: A Rebuttal to Michael Rea’s World Without Design” (2003), “Critical Review of Victor Reppert’s Defense of the Argument from Reason” (2004), “Fatal Flaws in Michael Almeida’s Alleged ‘Defeat’ of Rowe’s New Evidential Argument from Evil” (2007)
James Carse (atheist, retired). Works: The Silence of God (1985), The Religious Case Against Belief (2008)
Andrew Chignell (christian, Cornell University). Works: “The problem of infant suffering”(1998), “The ethics of religious belief” (2005)
Brian Clack (atheist, University of San Diego). Works: ”Wittgenstein and expressive theories of religion” (1996), “Wittgenstein and Magic” (2001)
Kelly James Clark (unknown, Calvin College). Works: “Religious Epistemology” (2004), “The Explanatory Power of Theism” (1989)
Stephen R.L. Clark (Christian, University of Liverpool). Works: God, Religion, and Reality(1998), Biology and Christian Ethics (2000)
Steve Clarke (unknown, Oxford University). Works: “Naturalism, Science and the Supernatural” (2009), “The Supernatural and the Miraculous” (2007)
Philip Clayton (Christian, Claremont Graduate University). Works: God and Contemporary Science (1998), Explanation from Physics to Theology (1989), “Neuroscience, the person, and god” (2000)
Sarah Coakley (christian, University of Cambridge). Works: Powers and Submissions: Spirituality, Philosophy and Gender (2002)
Robin Collins (christian, Messiah College). Works: “The Argument from Design and the Many-Worlds Hypothesis” (2002), “How to Rigorously Define Fine-tuning” (2009), “The Teleological Argument” (2009)
Paul Copan (christian, Palm Beach Atlantic University). Works: “Morality and meaning without God: Another failed attempt” (2003), “Is Michael Martin a Moral Realist? Sic et non”(1999)
Kevin Corcoran (christian, Calvin College). Works: “Rethinking Human Nature: A Christian Materialist Alternative to the Soul” (2006), “Material Persons, Immaterial Souls and an Ethic of Life” (2003), “Experiencing God” (1999)
John Cottingham (christian, retired). Works: The Spiritual Dimension: Religion, Philosophy and Human Value (2005), “Religion, Virtue and Ethical Culture” (1994)
Jan Cover (christian, Purdue University). Works: “Miracles and Christian Theism” (1999), “Materialism and Human Freedom” (1996)
William Lane Craig (christian, Biola University). Works: The Kalam Cosmological Argument (1979), Assessing the New Testament Evidence for the Historicity of the Resurrection of Jesus (1989)
Thomas Crisp (christian, Biola University). Works: “An Evolutionary Objection to the Argument from Evil” (forthcoming), “On Divine Foreknowledge and Newcomb’s Paradox” (1999)
Don Cupitt (atheist, Cambridge University). Works: Taking Leave of God (1980), Crisis of Moral Authority: The Dethronement of Christianity (1972)

Brian Davies (christian, Fordham University). Works: The Reality of God and the Problem of Evil (2006), Thinking About God (1985), “God and Freedom: Reply to Jordan” (1992)
Richard Davis (christian, Tyndale University College). Works: “God and Counterpossibles”(2006), “God and Modal Concretism” (2008), The Metaphysics of Theism and Modality(2001)
Stephen Davis (christian, Claremont McKenna College). Works: “Theology, Verification, and Falsification” (1975), “Does the Ontological Argument Beg the Question?” (1976), “Is It Possible To Know That Jesus Was Raised From the Dead?” (1984), “Is God Timeless, Immutable, Simple and Impassable?” (2008)
Gregory Dawes (atheist, University of Otago). Works: Theism and Explanation (2009), “What is Wrong with Intelligent Design?” (2007), “God Beyond Theism? Bishop Spong, Paul Tillich, and the Unicorn” (2002)
John DePoe (christian, University of Iowa). Works: “The Significance of Religious Disagreement” (2009), “How to Confirm a Miracle: A Bayesian Approach” (2007), “Theism, Atheism, and the Metaphysics of Free Will” (2009)
Keith DeRose (christian, Yale University). Works: “Plantinga, Presumption, Possibility, and the Problem of Evil” (1991), “Direct Warrant Realism” (2005)
William Desmond (christian, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven). Works: “Consecrated thought: between the priest and the philosopher” (2005), Is There a Sabbath for Thought?: Between Religion and Philosophy (2005), “God, ethos, ways” (1991)
Garrett DeWeese (christian, Biola University). Works: God and the Nature of Time(2004), “Hume and the Kalam Cosmological Argument” (2005), “Timeless God, Tenseless Time” (2000)
Daniel Dombrowski (christian, Seattle University). Works: Analytic Theism, Hartshorne, and the Concept of God (1996), “Oppy, infinity, and the neoclassical concept of God” (2007), “Must a Perfect Being Be Immutable?” (1989)
Clement Dore (christian, Vanderbilt University). Works: Theism (1984), God, Suffering, and Solipsism (1989), “Do Theists Need to Solve the Problem of Evil?” (2008)
Trent Dougherty (christian, Baylor University). Works: “Epistemological Considerations Concerning Skeptical Theism” (2008), “Divine Hiddenness and the Nature of Belief” (2007)
Theodore Drange (atheist, West Virginia University). Works: Nonbelief & Evil: Two Arguments for the Nonexistence of God (1998),” The Argument from Non-Belief” (1993), “The Argument from the Bible” (1996)
Paul Draper (agnostic, Purdue University). Works: “Pain and Pleasure: An Evidential Problem for Theists” (1989), “Irreducible complexity and Darwinian gradualism: a reply to Michael J. Behe” (2002), “Probabilistic Arguments from Evil” (1992)
Michael Dummett (christian, retired). Works: “Bringing About the Past” (1964), “Biblical Exegesis and the Resurrection” (2007), “The intelligibility of eucharistic doctrine” (1987)
Louis Dupré (christian, retired). Works: Theodicy: The Case for a Theologically Inclusive Model of Philosophy in Prospectsfor Natural Theology (1992), “The christian experience of mystical union” (1989)
John Earman (atheist, University of Pittsburgh). Works: Hume’s Abject Failure: The Argument Against Miracles (2000)
Christopher Eberle (christian, United States Naval Academy). Works: “The autonomy and explanation of mystical perception” (1998), “Why Restraint is Religiously Unacceptable” (1999), “God’s Nature and the Rationality of Religious Belief” (1997)
Andrew Eschleman (atheist, University of Arkansas at Little Rock). Works: “Alternative Possibilities and the Free Will Defense” (1997), “Can an Atheist Believe in God?” (2005), “Religious Fictionalism Defended” (2009)
C. Stephen Evans (christian, Baylor University). Works: “Subjectivity and Religious Belief: An Historical, Critical Study” (1978), “Critical Historical Judgment and Biblical Faith” (1994)
Nicholas Everitt (atheist, University of East Anglia). Works: “The Non-Existence of God”(2003), “The Impossibility of Miracles” (1987), “Why only perfection is good enough” (2000), “Substance Dualism and Disembodied Existence” (2000), “The Argument from Imperfection: A New Proof of the Non-existence of God” (2006)

Evan Fales (atheist, University of Iowa). Works: “Plantinga’s case against naturalistic epistemology” (1996), “Divine Freedom and the Choice of a World” (1994), “Mystical Experience as Evidence” (1996), “Divine Intervention” (1997)
Richard Feldman (unknown, University of Rochester). Works: “Plantinga, Gettier, and Warrant” (1996), “Plantinga on Exclusivism” (2003)
Edward Feser (christian, Pasadena City College). Works: “Has Trinitarianism Been Shown to Be Coherent?” (1997), “Swinburne’s Tritheism” (1997)
John Martin Fischer (unknown, University of California, Riverside). Works: “Recent Work on God and Freedom” (1992), God, Foreknowledge and Freedom (ed., 1989)
Matthew Flannagan (christian, Laidlaw College). Works:” The Premature Dismissal of Voluntarism” (2009), “Peron on Religion and Public Life” (2008)
Antony Flew (deist,¹ died recently). Works: “The Presumption of Atheism” (1976), God & Philosophy (1966), God, Freedom, and Immortality: A Critical Analysis (1984)
Thomas Flint (christian, University of Notre Dame). Works: Divine Providence: The Molinist Account (1998), “The Multiple Muddles of Maverick Molinism” (2003), “Risky Business: Open Theism and the Incarnation” (2004)
Robert Fogelin (atheist, Dartmouth College). Works: A Defense of Hume on Miracles(2005)
Robert Forman (christian, C.U.N.Y.). Works: The problem of pure consciousness: Mysticism and philosophy (1997), The Innate Capacity: Mysticism, Philosophy and Psychology (1997).
J. William Forgie (unknown, University of California, Santa Barbara). Works: “Pike’s Mystic Union and the Possibility of Theistic Experience” (2008), “Frege’s Objection to the Ontological Argument” (1972), “Mystical Experience and the Argument from Agreement” (1985)
Peter Forrest (christian, University of New England). Works: God Without the Supernatural: A Defense of Scientific Theism (1996), “Towards an epistemology of religious traditions” (1999), Developmental Theism (2007)
Alfred Freddoso (christian, University of Notre Dame). Works: “God’s General Concurrence with Secondary Causes: Why Conservation is Not Enough” (1991), “Accidental Necessity and Logical Determinism” (1983), “Maximal Power” (1983)

Richard Gale (agnostic, University of Pittsburgh). Works: On the Nature and Existence of God (1991), “Freedom and the Free Will Defense” (1990), “The Failure of Traditional Theistic Arguments” (2006)
Peter Geach (christian, retired). Works: “Omnipotence” (1973), “God and the Soul” (1969), Providence and Evil (1977)
Doug Geivett (christian, Biola University). Works: Evil and the Evidence for God (1993), “A Pascalian Rejoinder to the Presumption of Atheism” (1997)
Jerome Gellman (jew, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev). Works: “Experience of God and the Rationality of Theistic Belief” (1997), “Mystical Experience of God, a Philosophical Enquiry” (2001), “Experiencing God’s Infinity” (1994)
René Girard (christian, retired). Works: Violence and the Sacred (1972), Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World (1978)
Nick Gier (unknown, University of Idaho). Works: God, Reason, and Evangelicals: The Case Against Evangelicalism (1987), “Three Types of Divine Power” (1991)
Stewart Goetz (christian, Ursinus College). Works: “The Argument from Evil” (2009), “Belief in God Is Not Properly Basic” (1983), “Philosophy of Action and Philosophy of Religion” (2006)
A.C. Grayling (atheist, University of London). Works: Against All Gods: Six Polemics on Religion and an Essay on Kindness (2007)
Patrick Grim (atheist, Stony Brook University). Works: “The Being That Knew Too Much”(2003), “Truth, Omniscience, and Cantorian Arguments” (1993)
Douglas Groothuis (christian, Denver Seminary). Works: “Are All Bets Off? A Defense of Pascal’s Wager” (2001), “Wagering Belief: Examining Two Objections to Pascal’s Wager”(1994), “Obstinacy in Religious Belief” (1993)
Stephen Grover (unknown, CUNY). Works: “Why only the best is good enough” (1988), “The world, ‘Adams worlds’, and the best of all possible worlds” (2003)
Adolf Grunbaum (atheist, retired). Works: “The Pseudo-Problem of Creation in Physical Cosmology” (1989), ““Narlikar’s “Creation” of the Big Bang Universe Was a Mere Origination” (1993), “The Poverty of Theistic Morality” (1995)
Theodore Guleserian (christian, Arizona State University). Works: “God and Possible Worlds: The Modal Problem of Evil” (1983), “Can God Change His Mind?” (1996), “Divine Freedom and the Problem of Evil” (2000), “Can Moral Perfection be an Essential Attribute?” (1985)
Arnold Guminski (atheist, retired). Works: “The Kalam Cosmological Argument” (2002), “The Kalam Cosmological Argument Yet Again” (2003), “The Kalam Cosmological Argument as Amended” (2004), “A Critical Examination of Mark R. Nowacki’s Version of the Kalam Cosmological Argument” (2008)
Shandon Guthrie (christian, University of Nevada, Las Vegas). Works: “Theism and Contemporary Cosmology” (2002), “Evidence for the Existence of God” (1998)
Gary Gutting (unknown, University of Notre Dame). Works: Religious Belief and Religious Skepticism (1982), “The Catholic and the Calvinist: A Dialogue On Faith and Reason” (1985)

Gary Habermas (christian, Liberty University). Works: “Resurrection Claims in Non-Christian Religions” (1989), “Knowing That Jesus’ Resurrection Occurred: A Response to Stephen Davis” (1985)
John Haldane (christian, University of St. Andrews). Works: “Atheism and Theism” (1996), “Faith and Religious Experience” (1982)
John Hare (christian, Yale University). Works: The Moral Gap (1997), “Naturalism and Morality” (2000), “Kant’s Divine Command Theory and its Reception within Analytic Philosophy” (2000)
Victoria Harrison (unknown, University of Glasgow). Works: Religion and Modern Thought (2007), “Internal Realism and the Problem of Religious Diversity” (2006), “Arguments from Design: A Self-Defeating Strategy” (2005)
William Hasker (christian, Huntington University). Works: God, Time, and Knowledge(1986), “Providence, Evil and the Openness of God” (2005), “Must God Do His Best?” (1984)
John Haught (christian, Georgetown University). Works: God After Darwin: A Theology of Evolution (2000) “Darwin’s Gift to Theology” (1998), “Purpose in Nature: On the Possibility of a Theology of Evolution” (2008)
John Hawthorne (theist, University of Oxford). Works: “Vagueness and the Mind of God”(2005)
Thomas Hibbs (christian, Baylor University). Works: “Aquinas, Virtue, and Recent Epistemology” (1999), “Kretzmann’s Theism vs. Aquinas’s Theism: Interpreting the Summa contra Gentiles” (1998)
John Hick (christian, retired). Works: “Faith and Knowledge” (1957), The Metaphor of God Incarnate: Christology in a Pluralistic Age (2006), Evil and the God of Love (1966)
Jaakko Hintikka (atheist, Boston University). Works: “On the Logic of the Ontological Argument” (1969)
Joshua Hoffman (jewish, University of North Carolina at Greensboro). Works: “Can God Do Evil?” (1979), The Divine Attributes (2002), “What an Omnipotent Agent Can Do” (1980), “On Petitionary Prayer” (1985)
Arthur Holmes (christian, retired). Works: All Truth is God’s Truth (1977), War and Christian ethics (1975)
Peter Horban (unknown, Simon Fraser University). Works: God, evil, and the metaphysics of freedom: an evaluation of the free will defense of Alvin Plantinga (1981)
Frances Howard-Snyder (christian, Western Washington University). Works: “Is Theism Compatible with Gratuitous Evil?” (1999), “How an Unsurpassable Being Can Create a Surpassable World” (1994), “The Christian Theodicist’s Appeal to Love” (1993)
Daniel Howard-Snyder (christian, Western Washington University). Works: “God, Schmod, and Gratuitous Evil” (1993), “Theism, the Hypothesis of Indifference, and the Biological Role of Pain and Pleasure” (1994), “Transworld Sanctity and Plantinga’s Free Will Defense” (1998), “Grounds for Belief in God Aside, Does Evil Make Atheism More Reasonable Than Theism?” (2003)
Hud Hudson (christian, Western Washington University). Works: “Hyperspace and Christianity” (2007), “Fission, Freedom, and the Fall” (2009)
David Hunt (unknown, Whittier College). Works: “Divine Providence and Simple Foreknowledge” (1993), “Evil and Theistic Minimalism” (2001)

Janine Idziak (christian, Loras College). Works: “Divine Command Ethics” (1997)
Peter van Inwagen (christian, University of Notre Dame). Works: “The Problem of Evil”(2003), “Ontological Arguments” (1977), “The Possibility of Resurrection” (1978), “The Problem of Evil, the Problem of Air, and the Problem of Silence” (1991)

David Johnson (theist, Yeshiva University). Works: Hume, Holism, and Miracles (1999), “On the Metaphysics of Eternal Truth” (2004)
Mark Johnston (theist, Princeton University). Works: Saving God (2009)
Jeffrey Jordan (christian, University of Delaware). Works: Pascal’s Wager: Pragmatic Arguments and Belief in God (2006), “Theistic Belief and Religious Uncertainty” (2008), “The Sounds of Silence: Why the Divine Hiddenness Argument Fails” (2008)
Neal Judisch (christian, University of Oklahoma). Works: “Theological Determinism and the Problem of Evil” (2008), “A New Cosmological Argument Undone” (2002)

Robert Koons (christian, University of Texas at Austin). Works: “Faith, Probability, and Infinite Passion” (1993), “The Incompatibility of Naturalism and Scientific Realism” (2000), “Epistemological Foundations for the Cosmological Argument” (2006)
Klaas J. Kraay (christian, Ryerson University). Works: “Theism, Possible Worlds, and the Multiverse” (2009), “Absence of Evidence and Evidence of Absence” (2007), “Theistic Replies to the A Priori Argument for Atheism” (2005)
Robert Kane (theist, University of Texas at Austin). Works: “The Modal Ontological Argument” (1984)
Tomas Kapitan (unknown, Northern Illinois University). Works: “Providence, Freedom, and Decision Procedures” (1993), “Can God Make Up His Mind?” (1984)
Bernard Katz (christian, University of Toronto). Works: “The Cosmological Argument without the Principle of Sufficient Reason” (1997), “On the Limits of Divine Power” (2003)
James Keller (christian, Wofford College). Works: “A Moral Argument Against Miracles” (1995), “Accepting the Authority of the Bible: Is it Rationally Justified?” (1989), “Method in Christian Philosophy: Further Reflections; Response to Plantinga” (1988)
Anthony Kenny (agnostic, independent). Works: The God of the Philosophers (1979), The Unknown God (2005)
Jonathan Kvanvig (christian, Baylor University). Works: The Possibility of an All-Knowing God (1986), “Divine Hiddenness: What is the Problem?” (2001), “Resurrection, Heaven, and Hell” (2009)
Kai-Man Kwan (christian, Hong Kong Baptist University). Works: “The Argument from Religious Experience” (2009), “Is the Critical Trust Approach to Religious Experience Incompatible with Religious Particularism?” (2003), “Can Religious Experience Provide Justification for the Belief in God? The Debate in Contemporary Analytic Philosophy” (2006)

Bruce Langtry (christian, retired). Works: God, the Best, and Evil (2008), “Mackie on Miracles” (1988)
Brian Leftow (christian, University of Oxford). Works: “Time and Eternity” (1991), “Is God an Abstract Object?” (1990), “No best world: creaturely freedom” (2005)
John Leslie (christian pantheist, Univeristy of Guelph). Works: Infinite Minds (2001), Value and Existence (1979), “A Neoplatonist’s Pantheism” (1979)
Mark Linville (christian, Atlanta Christian College). Works:” “Is Everything Permitted? Moral Values in a World Without God” (2000), “The Moral Argument” (2009), “Divine Foreknowledge and the Libertarian Conception of Human Freedom” (1993)
Todd Long (unknown, California Polytechnic State University). Works: “A Proper De Jure Objection to the Epistemic Rationality of Religious Belief” (2010), “Proper Function Justification and Epistemic Rationality” (forthcoming)
Robert Lovering (unknown, Santa Clara University). Works: “On What God Would Do” (2009), “Divine Hiddenness and Inculpable Ignorance” (2004)
J.R. Lucas (christian, retired). Works: “The Future” (1989), “The Soul” (1957)
Morgan Luck (christian, Charles Sturt University). Works: “Supernatural Miracles and Religious Inclusiveness” (2007), Aquinas’s Miracles and the Luciferous Defence, the problem of the evil-miracle ratio (2009), In defence of Mumford’s definition of a miracle (2003)

Tim Mawson (christian, Oxford University). Works: “How a single personal revelation might not be a source of knowledge” (2003), “God’s Creation of Morality” (2002), “How can I know I’ve perceived God?” (2005)
Robert McKim (unknown, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). Works: “Worlds without Evil” (1984), “Could God have more than one nature?”, “Theism and Proper Basicality” (1989)
David McNaughton (christian, Florida State University). Works: “Is God (almost) a Consequentialist?” (2002); “Naturalism and Normativity” (2003);
Peter Millican (atheist, Hertford College). Works: “The One Fatal Flaw in Anselm’s Argument” (2004), “The Devil’s Advocate” (1998)
Stephen Maitzen (atheist, Acadia University). Works: “Divine Hiddenness and the Demographics of Theism” (2006), “Ordinary Morality Implies Atheism” (2009), “Sketpical Theism and Moral Obligation” (2009)
William Mann (christian, University of Vermont). Works: “The Ontological Presuppositions of the Ontological argument” (1972), “Theism and the Foundations of Ethics” (2004), “Divine Simplicity” (2008)
Neil Manson (unknown, University of Mississippi). Works: God and Design (2003), “Anthropocentrism and the Design Argument” (2000), “Fine-tuning, Multiple Universes, and the ‘This Universe’ Objection” (2003)
Jean-Luc Marion (christian, University of Chicago). Works: God Without Being (1991), The Idol and Distance (2001)
Anna Marmodoro (christian, Oxford University). Works: “Composition models of the incarnation: unity and unifying relations” (forthcoming), “Modeling the Metaphysics of the Incarnation” (forthcoming)
Michael Martin (atheist, Boston University). Works: Atheism: A Philosophical Justification (1989), The Case Against Christianity (1991)
George Mavrodes (christian, University of Michigan). Works:” Some Puzzles Concerning Omnipotence” (1963), “Religion and the Queerness of Morality” (1986), Belief in God: A Study in the Epistemology of Religion (1970)
Robert Maydole (christian, Davidson College). Works: “The modal perfection argument for the existence of a Supreme Being” (2003), “A modal model for proving the existence of God”(1980), “The Ontological Argument” (2009)
Hugh McCann (unknown, Texas A & M University). Works: “Divine Providence” (2001), “Divine Power and Action” (2004)
Matt McCormick (atheist, Sacramento State University). Works: “Why God Cannot Think: Kant, Omnipresence, and Consciousness” (2000), “The Paradox of Divine Agency” (2003), “Rethinking God: Comments on Ted Drange’s ‘Is ‘God exists’ Cognitive?” (2009)
Lydia McGrew (christian, independent). Works: “The Argument from Miracles” (2009), “On the Historical Argument: A Rejoinder to Plantinga” (2006), “What Grandma Can’t Know” (2003), “Testability, Likelihoods, and Design” (2004)
Timothy McGrew (christian, Western Michigan University). Works: “Toward a Rational Reconstruction of Design Inferences” (2005), “Has Plantinga Refuted the Historical Argument? “(2005), “Probabilities and the Fine-Tuning Argument: a Sceptical View” (2001)
Ralph McInerny (christian, died 01/29/2010). Works: Ethica Thomistica (1997), Modernity and Religion (1994)
Owen McLeod (atheist, Lafayette College). Works: “Science, Religion, and Hyper-Humeanism” (2001), “Is There a Moral Obligation to Obey God?” (2000)
Andrew Melnyk (atheist, University of Missouri). Works: “Rea on Naturalism” (2004), “How to keep the ‘physical’ in physicalism” (1997)
Trenton Merricks (christian, University of Virginia). Works: “How to Live Forever without Saving Your Soul: Physicalism and Immortality” (2001), “The Word Made Flesh: Dualism, Physicalism, and the Incarnation” (2007)
John Milbank (christian, University of Nottingham). Works: Theology and Social Theory(1990), The Monstrosity of Christ: Paradox or Dialectic? (2009), Radical Orthodoxy (1998)
Basil Mitchell (christian, retired). Works: “Law, Morality and Religion in a Secular Society” (1966), “The Justification of Religious Belief” (1981), “How to Play Theological Ping-pong” (1993)
Bradley Monton (atheist, University of Colorado Boulder). Works: “God, Fine-Tuning, and the Problem of Old Evidence” (2006), “Design Inferences in an Infinite Universe” (2008)
J.P. Moreland (christian, Biola University). Works: Scaling the Secular City (1987), Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview (2004), Consciousness and the Existence of God (2008)
Thomas V. Morris (christian, retired). Works: “Duty and divine goodness” (1984), The Logic of God Incarnate (1986)
Wes Morriston (theist, University of Colorado, Boulder). Works: “Is Plantinga’s God Omnipotent?” (1984), “Must the Beginning of the Universe Have a Personal Cause?” (2000), “Omnipotence and Necessary Moral Perfection: Are they Compatible?” (2001)
Paul Moser (christian, Loyola University Chicago). Works: “Natural Evil and the Free Will Defense” (1984), The Elusive God: Reorienting Religious Epistemology (2009), “Jesus and Philosophy: On the Questions We Ask” (2005)
Stephen Mulhall (unknown, Oxford). Works: Faith and Reason (1994)
James Muyskens (unknown, CUNY). Works: “Religious-Belief as Hope” (1974), “What is Virtuous about Faith” (1985)
Richard Mouw (christian, Fuller Theological Seminary). Works: “The God Who Commands” (1990)
Mark Murphy (christian, Georgetown). Works: An Essay on Divine Authority (2002), “A Trilemma for Divine Command Theory” (2002), “Divine Authority and Divine Perfection” (2001)
Nancey Murphy (christian, Fuller Theological Seminary). Works: Theology in the Age of Scientific Reasoning (1993), Bodies and Souls, or Spirited Bodies? (2006), On the Moral Nature of the Universe (1996)
Michael J. Murray (christian, Franklin & Marshall College). Works: “Coercion and the Hiddenness of God” (1993), “Does Prayer Change Things” (2009), “Natural Providence or Design Trouble” (2009)

Yujin Nagasawa (unknown, University of Birmingham). Works: “Divine Omnsicence and Knowledge de se” (2003), “A New Defence of Anselmian Theism” (2008), “Grounds of Worship” (2003),
Hossein Nasr (muslim, George Washington University). Works: Ideals and Realities of Islam (1966), Knowledge and the Sacred (1989)
Jacob Needleman (christian, San Francisco State University). Works: Lost Christianity(1993), “Religion and the Recovery of Experience” (1969)
Harold Netland (christian, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School). Works: Dissonant Voices and Encountering Religious Pluralism (2001), “Professor Hick on religious pluralism” (1986), Buddhism: A Christian Exploration and Appraisal (2009)
Robert Neville (christian, Boston University). Works: Creativity and God: a challenge to process theology (1995), Eternity and Time’s Flow (1993)
Kai Nielsen (atheist, Concordia University). Works: “Wittgensteinian Fideism” (1967), Ethics Without God (1973), Naturalism and Religion (2001)
Michael Novak (christian, independent). Works: The Catholic ethic and the spirit of capitalism (1993), Toward a Theology of the Corporation (1990), Belief and unbelief: a philosophy of self-knowledge (1994)

Timothy O’Connor (christian, Indiana University). Works: Theism and Ultimate Explanation: The Necessary Shape of Contingency (2008), “Theism and the Scope of Contingency” (2008), “From First Efficient Cause to God: Scotus on the Identification Stage of the Cosmological Argument” (1995)
David Oderberg (christian, University of Reading). Works: “The Cosmological Argument”(2007), “The Kalam Cosmological Argument Neither Bloodied nor Bowed: A Response to Graham Oppy” (2001), “Adolf Grunbaum and the Beginning of the Universe” (1996)
Graham Oppy (atheist, Monash University). Works: Arguing About Gods (2006), Ontological Arguments and Belief in God (2007), Philosophical Perspectives on Infinity(2009), “Arguments from Moral Evil” (2004)
Richard Otte (theist, University of California, Santa Cruz). Works: “Mackie’s Treatment of Miracles” (1996), “Rowe’s Probabilistic Argument from Evil” (2003), “Transworld Depravity and Unobtainable Worlds” (2009)
Christine Overall (unknown, Queen’s University). Works: “The Nature of Mystical Experience” (1982), “Miracles as Evidence Against the Existence of God” (1985), “Miracles, Evidence, Evil, and God: A Twenty-Year Debate” (2006)

Keith Parsons (atheist, University of Houston, Clear Lake). Works: God and the Burden of Proof (1989), “The Conception of the Miraculous and Christian Apologetics” (1982)
Glenn Peoples (christian, independent). Works: “A New Euthyphro” (2009), “William Hasker at the Bridge of Death” (2008), “Faith in Public: A Reply to Greg Dawes” (2005)
Robert Pennock (atheist, Michigan State University). Works: “God of the Gaps: The Argument from Ignorance and the Limits of Methodological Naturalism” (2007), “DNA by Design?: Stephen Meyer and the Return of the God Hypothesis” (2004), “Naturalism, Evidence and Creationism: The Case of Phillip Johnson” (1996)
Derk Pereboom (christian, Cornell University). Works: “Kant on God, Evil, and Teleology” (1996); “Free Will, Evil, and Divine Providence” (2005)
Ken Perszyk (christian, Victory University, Wellington). Works: “Free Will Defence with and Without Molinism” (1998); “Molinism and Theodicy” (1998)
Glen Pettigrove (christian, University of Auckland). Works: “Forgiveness and Interpretation” (2007), “The Dilemma of Divine Forgiveness” (2008), “Indoctrination, Autonomy, and Authenticity” (2009)
Nelson Pike (christian, died 01/24/2010). Works: “Omnipotence and God’s Ability to Sin”(1969), “Divine Omniscience and Voluntary Action” (1963), “Divine Foreknowledge, Human Freedom and Possible Worlds” (1977), “Alston on Plantinga and Soft Theological Determinism” (1990)
J. Brian Pitts (christian, University of Notre Dame). Works: ““Why the Big Bang Singularity Does Not Help the Kalam Cosmological Argument for Theism”” (2008)”, ““Does the Big Bang Demystify Creation in the Finite Past?” (2006)
Alvin Plantinga (christian, University of Notre Dame). Works: God and Other Minds(1967), “The Free Will Defense” (1965), God, Freedom, and Evil (1974), “Naturalism Defeated” (1994), Warranted Christian Belief (2000)
Robin le Poidevin (atheist, University of Leeds). Works: Arguing for Atheism (1996), “The Impossibility of God?” (2009), “Creation in a Closed Universe, or Have Physicists Disproved the Existence of God?” (1991)
Alexander Pruss (christian, Baylor University). Works: “A New Cosmological Argument”(1999), “Leibnizian Cosmological Arguments” (2009), “A Godelian Ontological Argument Improved” (2007)

Joshua Rasmussen (christian, student). Works: “Hume and the Kalam Cosmological Argument” (2004), “From a Necessary Being to God” (2009)
Del Ratzsch (christian, Calvin College). Works: “Nomo(theo)logical Necessity” (1987), “Natural Theology, Methodological Naturalism, and ‘Turtles all the way down’” (2004)
Michael Rea (christian, University of Notre Dame). Works: World Without Design: The Ontological Consequences of Naturalism (2004), “Theism and Epistemic Truth Equivalences” (2000), “Naturalism and Moral Realism” (2006)
Bruce Reichenbach (christian, Augsburg College). Works: “Natural Evils and Natural Law: A Theodicy for Natural Evils” (1976), Evil and a Good God (1982), “Mavrodes on omnipotence” (1980)
Victor Reppert (christian, independent). Works: C.S. Lewis’s Dangerous Idea: In Defense of the Argument from Reason (2003), “Miracles and the case for theism” (1989), “Physical causes and rational belief : a problem for materialism” (1989)
Alan Rhoda (christian, University of Notre Dame). Works: “Open Theism, Omniscience, and the Nature of the Future” (2006), “The Philosophical Case for Open Theism” (2007), “Presentism, Truthmakers, and God” (2009)
Jay Richards (christian, Biola University). Works: The Untamed God (2003)
Robert Roberts (christian, Baylor University). Works: “Smiling With God: Reflections on Christianity and the Psychology of Humor” (1987), “Psychotherapeutic Virtues and the Grammar of Faith” (1987), “Emotions as Access to Religious Truths” (1992)
Katherin Rogers (christian, University of Delaware). Works: “Evidence for God from Certainty” (2008), God and Moral Realism (2005)
Gary Rosenkrantz (unknown, University of North Carolina at Greensboro). Works: “On divine foreknowledge and human freedom” (1980), “Are Souls Unintelligible?” (1991)
William Rowe (atheist, Purdue University). Works: “The Ontological Argument and Question-Begging” (1976), The Cosmological Argument (1975), “The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism” (1979), Can God Be Free? (2004)
Bede Rundle (atheist, Oxford University). Works: Why Is There Something Rather Than Nothing (2006)
Michael Ruse (atheist, Florida State University). Works: Can a Darwinian Be a Christian?(2004), Science and Spirituality (2010)

Aleksandar Santrac (christian, Belgrade Theological Seminary). Works: An Evaluation of Plantinga’s Free Will Defense (2008), Knowing God (forthcoming)
John Schellenberg (atheist, Mount Saint Vincent University). Works: The Wisdom to Doubt (2007), “Divine Hiddenness And Human Reason” (1993), “The hiddenness argument revisited” (2005)
Theodore Schick, Jr. (atheist, Muhlenberg College). Works: “The ‘Big Bang’ Argument for the Existence of God” (1998), “Methodological Naturalism vs. Methodological Realism” (2000)
James Sennett (christian, Brenau University). Works: “Is There Freedom in Heaven?” (1999), “Is God Essentially God?” (1994), “The Inscrutable Evil Defense” (1991)
Charles Seymour (christian, Baylor University). Works: “Hell, Justice, and Freedom” (1998), A Theodicy of Hell (2000)
David Silver (unknown, University of Delaware). Works: “Evolutionary Naturalism and the Reliability of our Cognitive Faculties” (2003), “Religious Experience and the Evidential Argument from Evil” (2002), “Religious Experience and the Facts of Religious Pluralism”(2001)
James K.A. Smith (christian, Calvin College). Works: “The Art of Christian Atheism: Faith and Philosophy in Early Heidegger” (1997), The Fall of Interpretation: Philosophical Foundations for a Creational Hermeneutic (2000), Speech and Theology: Language and the Logic of Incarnation (2002)
Quentin Smith (atheist,² Western Michigan University). Works: Theism, Atheism and Big Bang Cosmology (1993), “A Naturalist Account of the Universe” (2008), “A Logical Argument Against a Divine Cause” (2008), “Kalam Arguments for Atheism” (2007)
Jordan Howard Sobel (atheist, died recently). Works: Logic and Theism (2004), “Lotteries and Miracles” (2009), “A ‘Russell’ of Spinoza’s Ontological Argument” (1999)
Elliot Sober (atheist, University of Wisconsin, Madison). Works: “Intelligent Design and Probability Reasoning” (2002); ”The Design Argument” (2004); “Intelligent Design and the Supernatural — the ‘God or Extraterrestrials’ Reply” (2007)
Janet Soskice (christian, University of Cambridge). Works: Metaphor and Religious Language (1985), “Theological Realism” (1987)
Victor Stenger (atheist, University of Hawaii). Works: “A Scenario for a Natural Origin of Our Universe Using a Mathematical Model Based on Established Physics and Cosmology”(2006), “Natural Explanations for the Anthropic Coincidences” (2000), “The Scientific Case Against a God Who Created the Universe” (2006)
Mikael Stenmark (christian, Uppsala University). Works: Rationality in Science, Religion, and Everyday Life (1995), How To Relate Science And Religion: A Multidimensional Model(2004)
Eleonore Stump (christian, Saint Louis University). Works: “Eternity” (1981), “Eternity, Awareness, and Action” (1992), “An Objection to Swinburne’s Argument for Dualism” (1996)
Michael Sudduth (christian, San Francisco State University). Works: “Can Religious Unbelief be Proper Function Rational?” (1999), “The Internalist Character and Evidential Implications of Plantingian Defeater” (1999), “Alstonian Foundationalism and Higher-Level Theistic Evidentialism” (1995)
Richard Swinburne (christian, retired). Works: The Coherence of Theism (1977), The Existence of God (1979), Providence and the Problem of Evil (1998)

Thomas Talbott (christian, retired). Works: “The Doctrine of Everlasting Punishment” (1990), “On Divine Foreknowledge and Bringing about the past” (1986), “Punishment, forgiveness, and divine justice” (1993) “Craig on the Possibility of Eternal Damnation” (1992)
Charles Taliaferro (christian, St. Olaf College). Works: “Consciousness and the Mind of God” (1994), “Divine Cognitive Power” (1985), “Imaginary evil: A sceptic’s wager” (1992)
Anthony Thiselton (christian, University of Nottingham). Works: The two horizons: New Testament hermeneutics and philosophical description (1980), “Speech-Act Theory and the Claim that God Speaks” (2009)
Kevin Timpe (christian, University of San Diego). Works: “Prayers for the Past” (2005), “Grace and Controlling what We Do Not Cause” (2007), “Truthmaking and Divine Eternity”(2007)
Nick Trakakis (christian, Monash University). Works: “The God Beyond Belief: In Defence of William Rowe’s Evidential Argument from Evil” (2006), “The End of Philosophy of Religion” (2008), “Does Hard Determinism Render the Problem of Evil even Harder?”(2006)
Michael Tooley (atheist, University of Colorado). Works: Knowledge of God (2008), “Freedom and Foreknowledge” (2000), “Alvin Plantinga and the Argument from Evil” (1980)
Dale Tuggy (christian, SUNY Fredonia). Works: “Three Roads to Open Theism” (2007), “Necessity, Control, and the Divine Command Theory” (2007), “The unfinished business of Trinitarian theorizing” (2003)
Denys Turner (christian, Yale University). Works: “Faith, Reason, and the Existence of God” (2004), “The Darkness of God and the Light of Christ: Negative Theology and Eucharistic Presence” (1999)

William Vallicella (theist, independent). Works: “From facts to God: An onto-cosmological argument” (2000), “Could a Classical Theist Be a Physicalist?” (1998), “Divine Simplicity: A New Defense” (1992)
Peter Vardy (theist, University of London). Works: “Philosophy of Religion” (2005),

William Wainwright (christian, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee). Works: “Mysticism: a study of its nature, cognitive value, and moral implications” (1981), “Mysticism and Sense Perception” (1973), “Gale on Religious Experience” (2003)
Jerry Walls (christian, unknown). Works: “Why Plantinga Must Move From Defense to Theodicy” (1991), “A Hell of a Dilemma: Rejoinder to Talbott” (2004)
Keith Ward (christian, independent). Works: God, Chance & Necessity (1996), Concepts of God (1998)
Ted A. Warfield (unknown, University of Notre Dame). Works: “Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom Are Compatible” (1997), “Ockhamism, Molinism, Prophecy: How to be an Ockhamist” (forthcoming)
Andrea Weisberger (atheist, University of North Florida). Works: Suffering Belief: Evil and the Anglo-American Defense of Theism (1999), “The Pollution Solution: A Critique of Dore’s Response to the Argument from Evil” (1997), “Depravity, Divine Responsibility and Moral Evil: A Critique of a New Free Will Defence” (1995)
Merold Westphal (christian, Fordham University). Works: “God, Guilt, and Death: An Existential Phenomenology of Religion” (1984), “Prolegomena to Any Future Philosophy of Religion Which Will Be Able to Come Forth as Prophecy” (1973)
David Widerker (theist, Bar-Ilan University). Works: “A problem for the eternity solution”(1991), “Facts, Freedom and Foreknowledge” (1987), “Why God’s Beliefs are not Hard-Type Soft Facts” (2002)
Phillip Wiebe (christian, retired). Works: God and other spirits (2004), Visions of Jesus(1997)
Erik Wielenberg (atheist, DePauw University). Works: Value and Virtue in a Godless Universe (2005)
Edward Wierenga (christian, University of Rochester). Works: “A defensible divine command theory” (1983), The Nature of God (1989), “Trinity and Polytheism” (2004), “Perfect Goodness and Divine Freedom” (2007)
Nicholas Wolterstorff (christian, Yale University). Works: Reason Within the Bounds of Religion (1984), Faith & Rationality: Reason & Belief in God (1983), Divine Discourse: Philosophical Reflections on the Claim that God Speaks (1995)
Stephen Wykstra (christian, Calvin College). Works: “Rowe’s Noseeum Arguments from Evil” (1996), “The Humean obstacle to evidential arguments from suffering” (1984)
Keith Yandell (christian, University of Wisconsin-Madison). Works: The Epistemology of Religious Experience (1993), “Ethics, evils and theism” (1969), “Religious Experience and Rational Appraisal” (1974)
Linda Zagzebski (christian, University of Oklahoma). Works: “Omniscience and the Arrow of Time” (2002), “Divine Motivation Theory” (2004), The Dilemma of Freedom and Foreknowledge (1991), “Religious Luck” (1994)
Dean Zimmerman (christian, Rutgers University). Works: “Theology and Tense” (1997), “God Inside Time and Before Creation” (2002), “Richard Gale and the Free Will Defense” (2003)